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- XXD(1) XXD(1)
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- NAME
- xxd - make a hexdump or do the reverse.
-
- SYNOPSIS
- xxd -h[elp]
- xxd [options] [infile [outfile]]
- xxd -r[evert] [options] [infile [outfile]]
-
- DESCRIPTION
- xxd creates a hex dump of a given file or standard input.
- It can also convert a hex dump back to its original binary
- form. Like uuencode(1) and uudecode(1) it allows the
- transmission of binary data in a `mail-safe' ASCII repre-
- sentation, but has the advantage of decoding to standard
- output. Moreover, it can be used to perform binary file
- patching.
-
- OPTIONS
- If no infile is given, standard input is read. If infile
- is specified as a `-' character, then input is taken from
- standard input. If no outfile is given (or a `-' charac-
- ter is in its place), results are sent to standard output.
-
- Note that a "lazy" parser is used which does not check for
- more than the first option letter, unless the option is
- followed by a parameter. Spaces between a single option
- letter and its parameter are optional. Parameters to
- options can be specified in decimal, hexadecimal or octal
- notation. Thus -c8, -c 8, -c 010 and -cols 8 are all
- equivalent.
-
-
- -a | -autoskip
- toggle autoskip: A single '*' replaces nul-lines.
- Default off.
-
- -b | -bits
- Switch to bits (binary digits) dump, rather than
- hexdump. This option writes octets as eight digits
- "1"s and "0"s instead of a normal hexacecimal dump.
- Each line is preceded by a line number in hexadeci-
- mal and followed by an ascii (or ebcdic) represen-
- tation. The command line switches -r, -p, -i do not
- work with this mode.
-
- -c cols | -cols cols
- -c cols | -cols cols format <cols> octets per line.
- Default 16 (-i: 12, -ps: 30, -b: 6). Max 256.
-
- -E | -EBCDIC
- Change the character encoding in the righthand col-
- umn from ASCII to EBCDIC. This does not change the
- hexadecimal representation. The option is meaning-
- less in combinations with -r, -p or -i.
-
-
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- Manual page for xxd August 1996 1
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- XXD(1) XXD(1)
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- -g bytes | -groupsize bytes
- seperate the output of every <bytes> bytes (two hex
- characters or eight bit-digits each) by a whites-
- pace. Specify -g 0 to suppress grouping. <Bytes>
- defaults to 2 in normal mode and 1 in bits mode.
- Grouping does not apply to postscript or include
- style.
-
- -h | -help
- print a summary of available commands and exit. No
- hex dumping is performed.
-
- -i | -include
- output in C include file style. A complete static
- array definition is written (named after the input
- file), unless xxd reads from stdin.
-
- -l len | -len len
- stop after writing <len> octets.
-
- -p | -ps | -postscript | -plain
- output in postscript continuous hexdump style. Also
- known as plain hexdump style.
-
- -r | -revert
- reverse operation: convert (or patch) hexdump into
- binary. If not writing to stdout, xxd writes into
- its output file without truncating it. Use the com-
- bination -r -p to read plain hexadecimal dumps
- without line number information and without a par-
- ticular column layout. Additional Whitespace and
- line-breaks are allowed anywhere.
-
- -seek offset
- When used after -r : revert with <offset> added to
- file positions found in hexdump.
-
- -s [+][-]seek
- start at <seek> bytes abs. (or rel.) infile offset.
- + indicates that the seek is relative to the cur-
- rent stdin file position (meaningless when not
- reading from stdin). - indicates that the seek
- should be that many characters from the end of the
- input (or if combined with
- + : before the current stdin file position).
- Without -s option, xxd starts at the current file
- position.
-
- -u use upper case hex letters. Default is lower case.
-
- -v | -version
- show version string.
-
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- Manual page for xxd August 1996 2
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- XXD(1) XXD(1)
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- CAVEATS
- xxd -r has some builtin magic while evaluating line number
- information. If the ouput file is seekable, then the
- linenumbers at the start of each hexdump line may be out
- of order, lines may be missing, or overlapping. In these
- cases xxd will lseek(2) to the next position. If the out-
- put file is not seekable, only gaps are allowed, which
- will be filled by null-bytes.
-
- xxd -r never generates parse errors. Garbage is silently
- skipped.
-
- When editing hexdumps, please note that xxd -r skips
- everything on the input line after reading enough columns
- of hexadecimal data (see option -c). This also means, that
- changes to the printable ascii (or ebcdic) columns are
- always ignored. Reverting a plain (or postscript) style
- hexdump with xxd -r -p does not depend on the correct num-
- ber of columns. Here an thing that looks like a pair of
- hex-digits is interpreted.
-
- Note the difference between
- % xxd -i file
- and
- % xxd -i < file
-
- xxd -s +seek may be different from xxd -s seek , as
- lseek(2) is used to "rewind" input. A '+' makes a differ-
- ence if the input source is stdin, and if stdin's file
- position is not at the start of the file by the time xxd
- is started and given its input. The following examples
- may help to clarify (or further confuse!)...
-
- Rewind stdin before reading; needed because the `cat' has
- already read to the end of stdin.
- % sh -c 'cat > plain_copy; xxd -s 0 > hex_copy' < file
-
- Hexdump from file position 0x480 (=1024+128) onwards. The
- `+' sign means "relative to the current position", thus
- the `128' adds to the 1k where dd left off.
- % sh -c 'dd of=plain_snippet bs=1k count=1; xxd -s +128 >
- hex_snippet' < file
-
- Hexdump from file position 0x100 ( = 1024-768) on.
- % sh -c 'dd of=plain_snippet bs=1k count=1; xxd -s +-768 >
- hex_snippet' < file
-
- However, this is a rare situation and the use of `+' is
- rarely needed. the author prefers to monitor the effect
- of xxd with strace(1) or truss(1), whenever -s is used.
-
- EXAMPLES
- Print everything but the first three lines (hex 0x30
- bytes) of file
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- Manual page for xxd August 1996 3
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- XXD(1) XXD(1)
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- % xxd -s 0x30 file
-
- Print 3 lines (hex 0x30 bytes) from the end of file
- % xxd -s -0x30 file
-
- Print 120 bytes as continuous hexdump with 40 octets per
- line.
- % xxd -l 120 -ps -c 20 xxd.1
- 2e544820585844203120224d616e75616c207061
- 676520666f7220787864220a2e5c220a2e5c2220
- 32317374204d617920313939360a2e5c22204d61
- 6e207061676520617574686f723a0a2e5c222020
- 2020546f6e79204e7567656e74203c746f6e7940
- 7363746e7567656e2e7070702e67752e6564752e
-
- Hexdump the first 120 bytes of this man page with 12
- octets per line.
- % xxd -l 120 -c 12 xxd.1
- 0000000: 2e54 4820 5858 4420 3120 224d .TH XXD 1 "M
- 000000c: 616e 7561 6c20 7061 6765 2066 anual page f
- 0000018: 6f72 2078 7864 220a 2e5c 220a or xxd"..\".
- 0000024: 2e5c 2220 3231 7374 204d 6179 .\" 21st May
- 0000030: 2031 3939 360a 2e5c 2220 4d61 1996..\" Ma
- 000003c: 6e20 7061 6765 2061 7574 686f n page autho
- 0000048: 723a 0a2e 5c22 2020 2020 546f r:..\" To
- 0000054: 6e79 204e 7567 656e 7420 3c74 ny Nugent <t
- 0000060: 6f6e 7940 7363 746e 7567 656e ony@sctnugen
- 000006c: 2e70 7070 2e67 752e 6564 752e .ppp.gu.edu.
-
- Display just the date from the file xxd.1
- % xxd -s 0x28 -l 12 -c 12 xxd.1
- 0000028: 3231 7374 204d 6179 2031 3939 21st May 199
-
- Copy input_file to output_file and prepend 100 bytes of
- value 0x00.
- % xxd input_file | xxd -r -s 100 > output_file
-
- Patch the date in the file xxd.1
- % echo '0000029: 3574 68' | xxd -r - xxd.1
- % xxd -s 0x28 -l 12 -c 12 xxd.1
- 0000028: 3235 7468 204d 6179 2031 3939 25th May 199
-
- Create a 65537 byte file with all bytes 0x00, except for
- the last one which is 'A' (hex 0x41).
- % echo '010000: 41' | xxd -r > file
-
- Hexdump this file with autoskip.
- % xxd -a -c 12 file
- 0000000: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ............
- *
- 000fffc: 0000 0000 40 ....A
-
- Create a 1 byte file containing a single 'A' character.
- The number after '-r -s' adds to the linenumbers found in
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- Manual page for xxd August 1996 4
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- XXD(1) XXD(1)
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- the file; in effect, the leading bytes are suppressed.
- % echo '010000: 41' | xxd -r -s -0x10000 > file
-
- Use xxd as a filter within an editor such as vim(1) to
- hexdump a region marked between `a' and `z'.
- :'a,'z!xxd
-
- Use xxd as a filter within an editor such as vim(1) to
- recover a binary hexdump marked between `a' and `z'.
- :'a,'z!xxd -r
-
- Use xxd as a filter within an editor such as vim(1) to
- recover one line of a hexdump. Move the cursor over the
- line and type:
- !!xxd -r
-
- Read single characters from a serial line
- % xxd -c1 < /dev/term/b &
- % stty < /dev/term/b -echo -opost -isig -icanon min 1
- % echo -n foo > /dev/term/b
-
-
- RETURN VALUES
- The following error values are returned:
-
- 0 no errors encountered.
-
- -1 operation not supported ( xxd -r -i still impossi-
- ble).
-
- 1 error while parsing options.
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- 2 problems with input file.
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- 3 problems with output file.
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- 4,5 desired seek position is unreachable.
-
- SEE ALSO
- uuencode(1), uudecode(1), patch(1)
-
- WARNINGS
- The tools weirdness matches its creators brain. Use
- entirely at your own risk. Copy files. Trace it. Become a
- wizard.
-
- VERSION
- This manual page documents xxd version 1.7
-
- AUTHOR
- (c) 1990-1997 by Juergen Weigert
- <jnweiger@informatik.uni-erlangen.de>
-
- Distribute freely and credit me,
-
-
-
- Manual page for xxd August 1996 5
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- XXD(1) XXD(1)
-
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- make money and share with me,
- lose money and don't ask me.
-
- Manual page started by Tony Nugent
- <tony@sctnugen.ppp.gu.edu.au> <T.Nugent@sct.gu.edu.au>
- Small changes by Bram Moolenaar. Edited by Juergen
- Weigert.
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- Manual page for xxd August 1996 6
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